Verb Phrase & Tenses

Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb (kata kerja utama( dan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu), sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement (objek kalimat), dan/atau modifier, namun tidak termasuk subjek kalimat.

Verb Phrase
Traditional Grammar	main verb
Generative Grammar	+/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/- modifier

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Tabel Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase	Verb Phrase
	Traditional Grammar	Generative Grammar
He sleeps without a pillow. (Dia tidur tanpa bantal.)	sleeps	sleeps without a pillow
I will ask you a question. (Saya akan menanyakan satu pertanyaan kepadamu.)	will ask	will ask you a question

Lebih banyak Contoh Verb Phrase

Contoh-contoh verb phrase berikut berdasarkan traditional grammar. Keterangan: Verb phrase = bold.

Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase	Keterangan
I enjoy swimming. (Saya menikmati berenang.)	enjoy = main verb
You should see a doctor during pregnancy. (Kamu seharusnya mengunjungi dokter selama hamil.)	should = modal auxiliary verb; see = main verb
It has just been raining in Bandung. (Baru saja turun hujan di Bandung.)	has, been = auxiliary verb; just = adverb (modifier); raining = main verb berupa present participle
That is yours. (Itu milikmu.)	is = main verb berupa linking verb
He has worked at the office since January. (Dia telah bekerja di kantor itu sejak Januari.)	has = auxiliary verb; worked = main verb berupa past participle

1. TENSE

1.            Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal yang terus-menerus dilakukan, kegiatan sehari-hari, dan juga untuk menyatakan atau menyebutkan suatu fakta atau kebenaran umum. Dalam Simple Present Tense, kata kerja (verb) yang digunakan adalah kata kerja (verb) bentuk awal.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

Mengekspresikan kalimat Simple Present Tense yang menggunakan kata kerja (VERB)

(+) Subject + Verb 1 + Object

(-)  Subject + DON’T / DOESN’T + Verb 1 + Object

(?) DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

(?) Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

1.            Present Continuous Tense

Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense merupakan tense bentuk yang menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan itu sedang berlangsung. Jadi tindakan itu sudah dimulai, dan belum berakhir ketika pembicaraan itu berlangsung. Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa digunakan untuk bentuk tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu yang singkat. Kita juga bisa menggunakan tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama. Selain itu, tense ini juga bisa dipakai untuk menyebut suatu tindakan yang akan di dilakukan di masa depan (perencanaan). Umumnya, tense ini juga biasa disebut Present Progressive Tense.

Berikut rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat

1. Positif:

subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object

Contoh : I am watching TV now

1. Negatif :

subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object

Contoh : Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta atau

Mr. Khanafi isn’t going to Jakarta

1. Tanya :

to be + subject + verb – ing + object

Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen ?

III.            Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”. Bukan sempurna karena cantik seperti Gita Gutawa, tetapi sempurna yang berarti “selesai, sudah, beres, baru saja usai, dsb”. Jadi, kalau Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini. Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She has just gone).

Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense begini:

Positif: S + have/has + V3

Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3

Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3

Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:

He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has

You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have

1.            Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.

Pola kalimat:

(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing

(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing

(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing

1.            Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang dilakukan pada masa lampau dan diketahui pula waktu terjadinya peristiwa atau kejadian tersebut.

Rumus simple pas tense

Rumus simple past tense ada 2, yaitu rumus simple past tense (verbal) dan (nominal);

1. Verbal

(+) S + Verb-2 + O + adverb

(- ) S + did + not + Verb-1 + O + adverb

(?) Did + S + Verb-1 + O + adverb ?

2. Nominal

(+) S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )

(- ) S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + not + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )

(?) Tobe-2 (was/ were) + S + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb ) ?

1.            Past Continuous Tense

Dalam Pengertiannya Past Continuous Tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu yang sedang berlangsung. tindakan kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu. bentuk tenses bahasa inggris ini disebut juga Past Progressive Tense.

Past continuous Tense ini dibentuk dengan bantuan “to be” kata kerja, dalam bentuk lampau, ditambah dengan present participle dari kata kerja (dengan-ing akhir).

Rumus past continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat

Positif (+)

Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object

Negatif (-)

Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object

Tanya (?)

– was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?

VII.            Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau sebelumnya  dengan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau setelahnya. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

I had eaten when she came to my house. ( Saya sudah makan ketika dia datang kerumahku).

Pada contoh di atas, terdapat dua kegiatan yang sama-sama terjadi pada masa lampau. “she came to my house” adalah kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau, sebelum kegiatan ini terjadi, ada kegitan lain yang lebih dulu selesai sebelum kegiatan tersebut, yaitu “ makan/eat pada kalimat “I had eaten”.

Pola kalimat:

Positif               : Subject + had + V3

Negative           : Subject + had + not + v3

Pertanyaan       : Had + subject + V3 + ?

VIII.            Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang telah dan sedang berlangsung sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.

Pola kalimat:

(+) S + had + been + V-ing

(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing

(?) Had + S + been + V-ing

1.            Simple Future Tense

Dalam membuat suatu kalimat, tentu tidak cukup dengan mengungkapkan kejadian saat ini saja. dalam mengekspresikan sesuatu, perlu juga mengungkapkan apa yang telah terjadi atau apa yang akan terjadi. Untuk mengungkapkan yang akan terjadi di masa depan, kita membutuhkan future tense. Di antara semua bentuk Future tense, Simple Future Tense adalah yang paling umum digunakan dalam banyak situasi, contoh ketika kita membuat janji, prediksi atau rencana. Dalam pengertian Simple Future Tense biasa disebut juga dengan Present Future Tense.

Rumus Simple Future Tense

1. Positif

Subject + will/shall + verb I + object

Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object

2. Negatif

Subject + will/shall + verb I + object

Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object

3. Pertanyaan

Will/shall + subject + verb I + object

Am/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object

1.            Future Continuous Tense

Pengertian Kalimat Future Continuous tense pada umumnya digunakan untuk menandakan bahwa kita akan berada ditengah-tengah suatu kejadian dalam waktu tertentu di masa depan. Future Continuous dikenal juga dengan sebutan Present Future Continuous.

Kalimat Future Continuous tense juga memiliki 2 bentuk yaitu “will” dan “going to” memiliki makna yang sama dan bisa saling menggantikan saat digunakan. Berbeda dengan penggunaan pada simple future tense.

Berikut rumus future continuous tense

1. Kalimat Future continus tense positif (+)

Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object

2. Kalimat future continuous tense negatif (-)

Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object

3. Kalimat future continuous tense interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)

Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object

1.            Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang “Sudah terjadi, tetapi AKAN”. Akan sudah gitu loh. Kalau Anda buka lagi pelajaran bahasa Inggris tentang Future Continuous Tense maka Future Perfect Tense ini pun akan sangat mudah difahami. Siapa bilang “sudah” itu hanya dulu? Sudah bisa juga “akan”!. Future artinya Akan, Perfect artinya sudah

Rumus Future Perfect Tense

Positif: S + will + have + V3

Negatif: S + will + not + have + V3

Tanya: Will + S + have + V3

XII.            Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Biasanya dalam kehidupan sehari hari kita akan menggunakan kalimat kalimat dengan struktur Future Perfect Continuous tense bahasa inggris ini dengan tujuan untuk menceritakan kejadian kejadian yang akan berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.

Berikut ini adalah rumus yang digunakan untuk membuat kalimat dengan struktur Future continues tense secara tepat dan sesuai dengan grammar yang berlaku.

1. Rumus untuk kalimat positif (+)

Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object

2. Rumus untuk kalimat negatif (-)

Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object

3. Rumus untuk kalimat interrogative atau kalimat tanya (?)

Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object?

Soal latihan :

Tentukan lah jenis kalimat dibawah ini..

1. My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow morning.
2. Will You have worked?
3. She had not been sleeping when he walked in.
4. He has gone
5. Tomorrow, they are going to go to Jakarta.
6. I wasn’t hungry. I had just eaten.
7. They have been talking on the phone for thirty minutes.
8. The teacher went to the school yesterday

Jawaban :

1. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Future Perfect Tense
3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
4. Present Perfect Tense
5. Present Continuous Tense
6. Past Perfect Tense
7. Present Perfect Continuous
8. simple past tense

Subject-Verb Agreement

See the section on Plurals for additional help with subject-verb agreement!

1.The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.

    Everyone has done his or her homework.

    Somebody has left her purse.

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.

    Some of the beads are missing.

    Some of the water is gone.

On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")

    None of you claims responsibility for this incident?

    None of you claim responsibility for this incident?

    None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the singular verb.

2. Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody (listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb.

    Everyone has finished his or her homework.

You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that.

Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.

Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always singular — Each is responsible.

3.Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do).

    The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.

    The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.

4.The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.

    Neither of the two traffic lights is working.

    Which shirt do you want for Christmas?

    Either is fine with me.

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."*

5.The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after e verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number.

    Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.

    Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.

    Are either my brothers or my father responsible?

    Is either my father or my brothers responsible?

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible.

6.The words there and here are never subjects.

    There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.

    There is no reason for this.

    Here are two apples.

With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb.

7.Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.

    He loves and she loves and they love_ and

8.Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.

The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.

9.Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the Plural Forms of Nouns and the section on Collective Nouns for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).

    My glasses were on the bed.

    My pants were torn.

    A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.

10.Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.

    The news from the front is bad.

    Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.

On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.

    My assets were wiped out in the depression.

    The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.

    Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.

The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent … . See the section on plurals for help with this problem.

11.Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."

    Some of the voters are still angry.

    A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.

    Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.

    Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.